Refered BY : http://www.w3.org/TR/voicexml20/
Goals of VoiceXML
VoiceXML's main goal is to bring the full power of Web development and content delivery to voice response applications, and to free the authors of such applications from low-level programming and resource management. It enables integration of voice services with data services using the familiar client-server paradigm. A voice service is viewed as a sequence of interaction dialogs between a user and an implementation platform. The dialogs are provided by document servers, which may be external to the implementation platform. Document servers maintain overall service logic, perform database and legacy system operations, and produce dialogs. A VoiceXML document specifies each interaction dialog to be conducted by a VoiceXML interpreter. User input affects dialog interpretation and is collected into requests submitted to a document server. The document server replies with another VoiceXML document to continue the user's session with other dialogs.
VoiceXML is a markup language that:
Minimizes client/server interactions by specifying multiple interactions per document.
Shields application authors from low-level, and platform-specific details.
Separates user interaction code (in VoiceXML) from service logic (e.g. CGI scripts).
Promotes service portability across implementation platforms. VoiceXML is a common language for content providers, tool providers, and platform providers.
Is easy to use for simple interactions, and yet provides language features to support complex dialogs.
While VoiceXML strives to accommodate the requirements of a majority of voice response services, services with stringent requirements may best be served by dedicated applications that employ a finer level of control.
Scope of VoiceXML
The language describes the human-machine interaction provided by voice response systems, which includes:
Output of synthesized speech (text-to-speech).
Output of audio files.
Recognition of spoken input.
Recognition of DTMF input.
Recording of spoken input.
Control of dialog flow.
Telephony features such as call transfer and disconnect.
The language provides means for collecting character and/or spoken input, assigning the input results to document-defined request variables, and making decisions that affect the interpretation of documents written in the language. A document may be linked to other documents through Universal Resource Identifiers (URIs).
Principles of Design
VoiceXML is an XML application [XML].
The language promotes portability of services through abstraction of platform resources.
The language accommodates platform diversity in supported audio file formats, speech grammar formats, and URI schemes. While producers of platforms may support various grammar formats the language requires a common grammar format, namely the XML Form of the W3C Speech Recognition Grammar Specification [SRGS], to facilitate interoperability. Similarly, while various audio formats for playback and recording may be supported, the audio formats described in Appendix E must be supported
The language supports ease of authoring for common types of interactions.
The language has well-defined semantics that preserves the author's intent regarding the behavior of interactions with the user. Client heuristics are not required to determine document element interpretation.
The language recognizes semantic interpretations from grammars and makes this information available to the application.
The language has a control flow mechanism.
The language enables a separation of service logic from interaction behavior.
It is not intended for intensive computation, database operations, or legacy system operations. These are assumed to be handled by resources outside the document interpreter, e.g. a document server.
General service logic, state management, dialog generation, and dialog sequencing are assumed to reside outside the document interpreter.
The language provides ways to link documents using URIs, and also to submit data to server scripts using URIs.
VoiceXML provides ways to identify exactly which data to submit to the server, and which HTTP method (GET or POST) to use in the submittal.
The language does not require document authors to explicitly allocate and deallocate dialog resources, or deal with concurrency. Resource allocation and concurrent threads of control are to be handled by the implementation platform
Sunday, September 23, 2007
Thursday, August 23, 2007
Tuesday, August 21, 2007
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Thursday, August 9, 2007
Interview questions for .NET
.NET interview questions
What is a static class?
What is static member?
What is static function?
What is static constructor?
How can we inherit a static variable?
How can we inherit a static member?
Can we use a static function with a non-static variable?
How can we access static variable?
Why main function is static?
How will you load dynamic assembly? How will create assesblies at run time?
What is Reflection?
If I have more than one version of one assemblies, then how will I use old version (how/where to specify version number?) in my application?
How do you create threading in.NET? What is the namespace for that?
What do you mean by Serialize and MarshalByRef?
What is the difference between Array and LinkedList?
What is Asynchronous call and how it can be implemented using delegates?
How to create events for a control? What is custom events? How to create it?
If you want to write your own dot net language, what steps you will you take care?
Describe the diffeerence between inline and code behind - which is best in a loosely coupled solution?
How dot net compiled code will become platform independent?
Without modifying source code if we compile again, will it be generated MSIL again?
How does you handle this COM components developed in other programming languages in.NET?
How CCW (Com Callable Wrapper) and RCW (Runtime Callable Wrappers) works?
What are the new thee features of COM+ services, which are not there in COM (MTS)?
What are the differences between COM architecture and.NET architecture?
Can we copy a COM dll to GAC folder?
What is Shared and Repeatable Inheritance?
Can you explain what inheritance is and an example of when you might use it?
How can you write a class to restrict that only one object of this class can be created (Singleton class)?
What are virtual destructures?
What is close method? How its different from Finalize and Dispose?
What is Boxing and UnBoxing?
What is check/uncheck?
What is the use of base keyword? Tell me a practical example for base keyword’s usage?
What are the different.NET tools which you used in projects?
What will do to avoid prior case?
What happens when you try to update data in a dataset in.NET while the record is already deleted in SQL Server as backend?
What is concurrency? How will you avoid concurrency when dealing with dataset?
One user deleted one row after that another user through his dataset was trying to update same row. What will happen? How will you avoid this problem?
How do you merge two datasets into the third dataset in a simple manner?
If you are executing these statements in commandObject. “Select * from Table1; Select * from Table2″ How you will deal result set?
How do you sort a dataset.
If a dataset contains 100 rows, how to fetch rows between 5 and 15 only?
What is the use of Parameter object?
How to generateXML from a dataset and vice versa?
How do you implement locking concept for dataset?
How will you do Redo and Undo in TextBox control?
How to implement DataGrid in.NET? How would you make a combo-box appear in one column of a DataGrid? What are the ways to show data grid inside a data grid for a master details type of tables? If we write any code for DataGrid methods. what is the access specifier used for that methods in the code behind file and why?
How can we create Tree control in asp.NET?
Write a program in C# to find the angle between the hours and minutes in a clock?
Write a program to create a user control with name and surname as data members and login as method and also the code to call it.
How can you read 3rd line from a text file?
Explain the code behind wors and contrast that using the inline style.
Explain different types of HTML, Web and server controls.
What are the differences between user control and server control?
How server form post-back works?
Can the action attribute of a server-side
Top of Form
tag be set to a value and if not how can you possibly pass data from a form page to a subsequent page?
How would ASP and ASP.NET apps run at the same time on the same server?
What are good ADO.NET object to replace to ADO Recordset object.
Explain the differences between Server-side code and Client-side code.
What type of code(server or client) is found in a Code-Behind class?
Should validation (did the user enter a real date) occur server-side or client-side? Why?
What does the “EnableViewState” property do? Why would I want it on or off?
What is the difference between Server.Transfer and response.Redirect? Why?
Can you give an example of when it would be appropriate to use a web service as opposed to a non-serviced.NET component?
Let’s say I have an existing application written using VB6 and this application utilizes Windows 2000 COM+ transaction services. How would you approach migrating this application to.NET?
If I am developing an application that must accomodate multiple security levels though secure login and my ASP.NET web application is spanned across three web-servers (using round-robin load balancing). What would be the best approach to maintain login-in state for the users?
What are ASP.NET web forms? How is this technology different than what is available though ASP(1.0-3.0)?
How does VB.NET achieve polymorphism?
How does C# achieve polymorphism?
Can you explain what is Inheritance and an example in VB.NET and C# of when you might use it?
Describe difference between inline and code-behind?
What is loosely coupled solution in.NET?
What is diffgram?
Where would you use an iHTTPModule and what are the limitations of any approach you might take in implementing one?
What are the Advantages and DisAdvantages of viewstate?
Describe session handling in a webform, how does it work and what are the limitations?
How would you get ASP.NET running in Apache web servers? Explain it’s limitations.
What is MSIL and why should my developers need an appreciation of it if at all?
Which methos do you invoke on the DataAdapter control to load your generated dataset with data?
Can you edit data in Repeater control? How?
Which template must you provide, in order to display data in a Repeater control?
How can you provide an alternating color scheme in a Repeater control?
What property must you set, and what method must you call in your code, in order to bind the data from some data source to the repeater control?
What base class do all web forms inherit from?
What method do you use to explicitly kill a user’s session? How?
How do you turn off cookies for one page in your site? Give an example.
Which two properties are on every validation control?
What tags do you need to add within the asp:datagrid tags to bind columns manually? Give an example.
How do you create a permanent cookie?
What tag do you use to add a hyperlink column to the dataGrid?
What is the standard you use to wrap up a call to a Web Service?
Which method do you use to redirect the user to another page without performing a round trip to the client? How?
What is the transport protocol you use to call a Seb Service SOAP?
What does WSDL stand for?
What property do you have to set to tell the grid which page to go to when using the Pager object?
Where on the Internet would you look for Web Services?
What tags do you need to add within the asp:datagrid tags to bind columns manually? How?
Which property on a Combo Box do you set with a column name, prior to setting the DataSource, to display data in the combo box?
How is a property designated as read-only?
Which control would you use if you needed to make sure the values in two different controls matched?
Top of Form
1. ishaq said,
I want to knowwhat is multiple inheritance?what is Virtual polymorphism?how to fetch 5th and 15th record from the datagrid using c#.net?
2. vishal said,
can we write c# code in web.config file?can we bind datagrid with datareader?can we add two web.config in one project?
3. Haris Habib said,
what is multiple inheritance?The way to inherit a class from multiple classes.In C++ that was possible but not in C# and Vb.Net.Although you can Inherit/Implement from multiple interfaces.
4. Ali Baba said,
to fetch the records from any row just use the following technique:
datagrid.rows[n].columns[m]where n is the row number and m is the column number
to fetch from gridview:gridview.rows[n].ItemArray[m]
5. Ahmed said,
1. What is a static class?A static class is a class which can not be instantiated using the ‘new’ keyword. They also only contain static members, are sealed and have a private constructor.
2. What is static member?A static member is a method, field, property or event that can be called without creating an instance of its defining class. Static members are particularly useful for representing calculations and data that are independent of object state.
3. What is static function?A static function is another term for a static method. It allows you to execute the function without creating an instance of its defining class. They are similar to global functions. An example of a static function could be: ConvertFromFarenheitToCelsius with a signature as follows:
public static double ConvertFromFarenheitToCelsius (string valToConvert){//add code here}
4. What is static constructor?A static constructor has a similar function as a normal constructor i.e. it is automatically called the first time a class is loaded. The differences between a conventional constructor are that it cannot be overloaded, cannot have any parameters nor have any access modifiers and must be preceded by thekeyword static. In addition, a class with a static constructor may only have static members.
5. How can we inherit a static variable?6. How can we inherit a static member?When inheriting static members there is no need to instantiate the defining class using the ‘new’ keyword.
public class MyBaseClass{MyBaseClass(){}public static void PrintName(){}
}
public class MyDerivedClass : MyBaseClass{MyDerivedClass (){}
public void DoSomething(){MyBaseClass.GetName();}
}
7. Can we use a static function with a non-static variable?No.
8. How can we access static variable?By employing the use of a static member field as follows:public class CashSales{//declare static member fieldprivate static int maxUnitsAllowed = 50;
//declare method to return maximum number of units allowed
public static int GetMaxUnitsAllowed (){Return maxUnitsAllowed;}
}The static field can now be accessed by simply doing CashSales.GetMaxUnitsAllowed(). No need to create an instance of the class.
9. Why main function is static?Because it is automatically loaded by the CLR and initialised by the runtime when the class is first loaded. If it wasn’t static an instance of the class would first need to be created and initialised.
10. How will you load dynamic assembly? How will create assemblies at run time?
Load assembly:By using classes from the System.Reflection namespace.Assembly x = Assembly.LoadFrom( “LoadMe.dll” );
Create assembly;Use classes from System.CodeDom.Compiler;
11. What is Reflection?The System.Reflection namespace provides us with a series of classes that allow us to interrogate the codebase at run-time and perform functions such as dynamically load assemblies, return property info e.t.c.
12. If I have more than one version of one assembly, then how will I use old version (how/where to specify version number?) in my application?The version number is stored in the following format: …. The assembly manifest can then contain a reference to which version number we want to use.
13. How do you create threading in.NET? What is the namespace for that?
System.Threading;
//create new thread using the thread class’s constructor
Thread myThread = new Thread(new ThreadStart (someFunction));
14. What do you mean by Serialize and MarshalByRef?Serialization is the act of saving the state of an object so that it can be recreated (i.e deserialized) at a later date.The MarshalByRef class is part of the System.Runtime.Remoting namespace and enables us to access and use objects that reside in different application domains. It is the base class for objects that need to communicate across application domains. MarshalByRef objects are accessed directly within their own application domain by using a proxy to communicate. With MarshalByValue the a copy of the entire object is passed across the application domain
15. What is the difference between Array and LinkedList?An array is a collection of the same type. The size of the array is fixed in its declaration.A linked list is similar to an array but it doesn’t have a limited size.
16. What is Asynchronous call and how it can be implemented using delegates?A synchronous call will wait for a method to complete before program flow is resumed. With an asynchronous call the program flow continues whilst the method executes.
//create objectSomeFunction objFunc = new SomeFunction();
//create delegateSomeDelegate objDel = new SomeDelegate(objFunc.FunctionA);
//invoke the method asynchronously (use interface IAsyncResult)IAsyncResult asynchCall = SomeDelegate.Invoke();
17. How to create events for a control? What is custom events? How to create it?An event is a mechanism used in a class that can be used to provide a notification when something interesting happens. (typical evens in a windows application include: change text in textbox, double click or click a button, select an item in dropdown box).
A custom event is an event created by the user that other developers can use. For example assuming that we have a CashTransaction class and we have a bank balance property in that class. We may want to set-up an event that provides a notification when the bank balance drops below a certain amount. In order to produce an event the process would be roughly as follows:
Create the class for the event derived from EventArgs.Create a delegate with a return type of void.Create a class containing the method that will activate the event.Create a class with methods to handle the event.
18. If you want to write your own dot net language, what steps you will you take care?We will need to ensure that the high level code is compiled to MSIL (Microsoft intermediate language) so that it can be interpreted by the CLR.
19. Describe the difference between inline and code behind - which is best in a loosely coupled solution?The term ‘code behind’ refers to application code that is not embedded within the ASPX page and is separated out into a separate file which is then referenced from the ASPX page. Inline code is the traditional ASP architectural model where business logic code was embedded within the ASP page. Separating the business logic code from the presentation layer offers several advantages:
1) It allows graphic designers and web developers to work on the presentation layer whilst the application developers concentrate on the business logic.2) The codebehind file is compiled as a single dll increasing the efficiency of the application,3) The codebehind model offers a true OO development platform,4) It speeds up development time as it allows developers to fully maximise the features of the .NET framework such as Cahing, ViewState, Session, Smart Navigation etc.5) Code is much easier to maintain and susceptible for change.6) The compiler and VS.NET provides much better support for error checking, intellisense and debugging when using the code behind model.
20. How dot net compiled code will become platform independent?The raison d’etre for .NET was to cater for multiples languages on a single windows platform whereas the aim of Java was to be a single language on multiple platforms. The only way that .NET can be platform independent is if there is a version of the .NET framework installed on the target machine.
21. Without modifying source code if we compile again, will it be generated MSIL again?No.
22. How does you handle this COM components developed in other programming languages in.NET?use TlbImp.exe to import the COM types into your .NET project. If no type library for the COM component then use System.Runtime.InteropServices
22. How does you handle this COM components developed in other programming languages in.NET?use TlbImp.exe to import the COM types into your .NET project. If no type library for the COM component then use System.Runtime.InteropServicesuse RegAsm.exe to call a .NET developed component in a COM application.
23. How CCW (Com Callable Wrapper) and RCW (Runtime Callable Wrappers) works?CCW: When a COM application calls a NET object the CLR creates the CCW as a proxy since the COM application is unable to directly access the .NET object.RCW: When a .NET application calls a COM object the CLR creates the RCW as a proxy since the .NET application is unable to directly access the .COM object.
24. What are the new thee features of COM+ services, which are not there in COM (MTS)?Role based security.Neutral apartment threading.New environment called context which defines the execution environment
25. What are the differences between COM architecture and.NET architecture?.Net architecture has superseded the old COM architecture providing a flexible rapid application development environment which can be used to create windows, web and console applications and web services. .NET provides a powerful development environment that can be used to create objects in any .NET compliant language. .NET addresses the previous problems of dll hell with COM by providing strongly named assemblies and side-by-side execution where two assemblies with the same name can run on the same box.
26. Can we copy a COM dll to GAC folder?No. It only stores .NET assemblies.
28. Can you explain what inheritance is and an example of when you might use it?Inheritance is a fundamental feature of any OO language. It allows us to inherit the members and attributes from a base class to a new derived class. This leads to increased code reusability and also makes applications easier to develop, maintain and extend as the new derived class can contain new features not available in the base class whilst at the same time preserving the attributes inherited from the base class.
29. How can you write a class to restrict that only one object of this class can be created (Singleton class)?Use the singleton design pattern.public sealed class Singleton{static readonly Singleton Instance=new Singleton();
static Singleton(){}
Singleton(){}
public static Singleton Instance{get{return Instance;}}}
30. What are virtual destructors?A constructor can not be virtual but a destructor may. Use virtual destructors when you want to implement polymorphic tearing down of an object.
31. What is close method? How it different from Finalize and Dispose?finalise is the process that allows the garbage collector to clean up any unmanaged resources before it is destroyed.The finalise method can not be called directly; it is automatically called by the CLR. In order to allow more control over the release of unmanaged resources the .NET framework provides a dispose method which unlike finalise can be called directly by code.Close method is same as dispose. It was added as a convenience.
32. What is Boxing and UnBoxing?Boxing is the process of converting a value type to a reference type. More specifically it involves encapsulating a copy of the object and moving it from stack to heap. Unboxing is the reverse process.
33. What is check/uncheck?checked: used to enable overflow checking for arithmetic and conversion functions.unchecked: used to disable overflow checking for arithmetic and conversion functions.
What is a static class?
What is static member?
What is static function?
What is static constructor?
How can we inherit a static variable?
How can we inherit a static member?
Can we use a static function with a non-static variable?
How can we access static variable?
Why main function is static?
How will you load dynamic assembly? How will create assesblies at run time?
What is Reflection?
If I have more than one version of one assemblies, then how will I use old version (how/where to specify version number?) in my application?
How do you create threading in.NET? What is the namespace for that?
What do you mean by Serialize and MarshalByRef?
What is the difference between Array and LinkedList?
What is Asynchronous call and how it can be implemented using delegates?
How to create events for a control? What is custom events? How to create it?
If you want to write your own dot net language, what steps you will you take care?
Describe the diffeerence between inline and code behind - which is best in a loosely coupled solution?
How dot net compiled code will become platform independent?
Without modifying source code if we compile again, will it be generated MSIL again?
How does you handle this COM components developed in other programming languages in.NET?
How CCW (Com Callable Wrapper) and RCW (Runtime Callable Wrappers) works?
What are the new thee features of COM+ services, which are not there in COM (MTS)?
What are the differences between COM architecture and.NET architecture?
Can we copy a COM dll to GAC folder?
What is Shared and Repeatable Inheritance?
Can you explain what inheritance is and an example of when you might use it?
How can you write a class to restrict that only one object of this class can be created (Singleton class)?
What are virtual destructures?
What is close method? How its different from Finalize and Dispose?
What is Boxing and UnBoxing?
What is check/uncheck?
What is the use of base keyword? Tell me a practical example for base keyword’s usage?
What are the different.NET tools which you used in projects?
What will do to avoid prior case?
What happens when you try to update data in a dataset in.NET while the record is already deleted in SQL Server as backend?
What is concurrency? How will you avoid concurrency when dealing with dataset?
One user deleted one row after that another user through his dataset was trying to update same row. What will happen? How will you avoid this problem?
How do you merge two datasets into the third dataset in a simple manner?
If you are executing these statements in commandObject. “Select * from Table1; Select * from Table2″ How you will deal result set?
How do you sort a dataset.
If a dataset contains 100 rows, how to fetch rows between 5 and 15 only?
What is the use of Parameter object?
How to generateXML from a dataset and vice versa?
How do you implement locking concept for dataset?
How will you do Redo and Undo in TextBox control?
How to implement DataGrid in.NET? How would you make a combo-box appear in one column of a DataGrid? What are the ways to show data grid inside a data grid for a master details type of tables? If we write any code for DataGrid methods. what is the access specifier used for that methods in the code behind file and why?
How can we create Tree control in asp.NET?
Write a program in C# to find the angle between the hours and minutes in a clock?
Write a program to create a user control with name and surname as data members and login as method and also the code to call it.
How can you read 3rd line from a text file?
Explain the code behind wors and contrast that using the inline style.
Explain different types of HTML, Web and server controls.
What are the differences between user control and server control?
How server form post-back works?
Can the action attribute of a server-side
Top of Form
tag be set to a value and if not how can you possibly pass data from a form page to a subsequent page?
How would ASP and ASP.NET apps run at the same time on the same server?
What are good ADO.NET object to replace to ADO Recordset object.
Explain the differences between Server-side code and Client-side code.
What type of code(server or client) is found in a Code-Behind class?
Should validation (did the user enter a real date) occur server-side or client-side? Why?
What does the “EnableViewState” property do? Why would I want it on or off?
What is the difference between Server.Transfer and response.Redirect? Why?
Can you give an example of when it would be appropriate to use a web service as opposed to a non-serviced.NET component?
Let’s say I have an existing application written using VB6 and this application utilizes Windows 2000 COM+ transaction services. How would you approach migrating this application to.NET?
If I am developing an application that must accomodate multiple security levels though secure login and my ASP.NET web application is spanned across three web-servers (using round-robin load balancing). What would be the best approach to maintain login-in state for the users?
What are ASP.NET web forms? How is this technology different than what is available though ASP(1.0-3.0)?
How does VB.NET achieve polymorphism?
How does C# achieve polymorphism?
Can you explain what is Inheritance and an example in VB.NET and C# of when you might use it?
Describe difference between inline and code-behind?
What is loosely coupled solution in.NET?
What is diffgram?
Where would you use an iHTTPModule and what are the limitations of any approach you might take in implementing one?
What are the Advantages and DisAdvantages of viewstate?
Describe session handling in a webform, how does it work and what are the limitations?
How would you get ASP.NET running in Apache web servers? Explain it’s limitations.
What is MSIL and why should my developers need an appreciation of it if at all?
Which methos do you invoke on the DataAdapter control to load your generated dataset with data?
Can you edit data in Repeater control? How?
Which template must you provide, in order to display data in a Repeater control?
How can you provide an alternating color scheme in a Repeater control?
What property must you set, and what method must you call in your code, in order to bind the data from some data source to the repeater control?
What base class do all web forms inherit from?
What method do you use to explicitly kill a user’s session? How?
How do you turn off cookies for one page in your site? Give an example.
Which two properties are on every validation control?
What tags do you need to add within the asp:datagrid tags to bind columns manually? Give an example.
How do you create a permanent cookie?
What tag do you use to add a hyperlink column to the dataGrid?
What is the standard you use to wrap up a call to a Web Service?
Which method do you use to redirect the user to another page without performing a round trip to the client? How?
What is the transport protocol you use to call a Seb Service SOAP?
What does WSDL stand for?
What property do you have to set to tell the grid which page to go to when using the Pager object?
Where on the Internet would you look for Web Services?
What tags do you need to add within the asp:datagrid tags to bind columns manually? How?
Which property on a Combo Box do you set with a column name, prior to setting the DataSource, to display data in the combo box?
How is a property designated as read-only?
Which control would you use if you needed to make sure the values in two different controls matched?
Top of Form
1. ishaq said,
I want to knowwhat is multiple inheritance?what is Virtual polymorphism?how to fetch 5th and 15th record from the datagrid using c#.net?
2. vishal said,
can we write c# code in web.config file?can we bind datagrid with datareader?can we add two web.config in one project?
3. Haris Habib said,
what is multiple inheritance?The way to inherit a class from multiple classes.In C++ that was possible but not in C# and Vb.Net.Although you can Inherit/Implement from multiple interfaces.
4. Ali Baba said,
to fetch the records from any row just use the following technique:
datagrid.rows[n].columns[m]where n is the row number and m is the column number
to fetch from gridview:gridview.rows[n].ItemArray[m]
5. Ahmed said,
1. What is a static class?A static class is a class which can not be instantiated using the ‘new’ keyword. They also only contain static members, are sealed and have a private constructor.
2. What is static member?A static member is a method, field, property or event that can be called without creating an instance of its defining class. Static members are particularly useful for representing calculations and data that are independent of object state.
3. What is static function?A static function is another term for a static method. It allows you to execute the function without creating an instance of its defining class. They are similar to global functions. An example of a static function could be: ConvertFromFarenheitToCelsius with a signature as follows:
public static double ConvertFromFarenheitToCelsius (string valToConvert){//add code here}
4. What is static constructor?A static constructor has a similar function as a normal constructor i.e. it is automatically called the first time a class is loaded. The differences between a conventional constructor are that it cannot be overloaded, cannot have any parameters nor have any access modifiers and must be preceded by thekeyword static. In addition, a class with a static constructor may only have static members.
5. How can we inherit a static variable?6. How can we inherit a static member?When inheriting static members there is no need to instantiate the defining class using the ‘new’ keyword.
public class MyBaseClass{MyBaseClass(){}public static void PrintName(){}
}
public class MyDerivedClass : MyBaseClass{MyDerivedClass (){}
public void DoSomething(){MyBaseClass.GetName();}
}
7. Can we use a static function with a non-static variable?No.
8. How can we access static variable?By employing the use of a static member field as follows:public class CashSales{//declare static member fieldprivate static int maxUnitsAllowed = 50;
//declare method to return maximum number of units allowed
public static int GetMaxUnitsAllowed (){Return maxUnitsAllowed;}
}The static field can now be accessed by simply doing CashSales.GetMaxUnitsAllowed(). No need to create an instance of the class.
9. Why main function is static?Because it is automatically loaded by the CLR and initialised by the runtime when the class is first loaded. If it wasn’t static an instance of the class would first need to be created and initialised.
10. How will you load dynamic assembly? How will create assemblies at run time?
Load assembly:By using classes from the System.Reflection namespace.Assembly x = Assembly.LoadFrom( “LoadMe.dll” );
Create assembly;Use classes from System.CodeDom.Compiler;
11. What is Reflection?The System.Reflection namespace provides us with a series of classes that allow us to interrogate the codebase at run-time and perform functions such as dynamically load assemblies, return property info e.t.c.
12. If I have more than one version of one assembly, then how will I use old version (how/where to specify version number?) in my application?The version number is stored in the following format: …. The assembly manifest can then contain a reference to which version number we want to use.
13. How do you create threading in.NET? What is the namespace for that?
System.Threading;
//create new thread using the thread class’s constructor
Thread myThread = new Thread(new ThreadStart (someFunction));
14. What do you mean by Serialize and MarshalByRef?Serialization is the act of saving the state of an object so that it can be recreated (i.e deserialized) at a later date.The MarshalByRef class is part of the System.Runtime.Remoting namespace and enables us to access and use objects that reside in different application domains. It is the base class for objects that need to communicate across application domains. MarshalByRef objects are accessed directly within their own application domain by using a proxy to communicate. With MarshalByValue the a copy of the entire object is passed across the application domain
15. What is the difference between Array and LinkedList?An array is a collection of the same type. The size of the array is fixed in its declaration.A linked list is similar to an array but it doesn’t have a limited size.
16. What is Asynchronous call and how it can be implemented using delegates?A synchronous call will wait for a method to complete before program flow is resumed. With an asynchronous call the program flow continues whilst the method executes.
//create objectSomeFunction objFunc = new SomeFunction();
//create delegateSomeDelegate objDel = new SomeDelegate(objFunc.FunctionA);
//invoke the method asynchronously (use interface IAsyncResult)IAsyncResult asynchCall = SomeDelegate.Invoke();
17. How to create events for a control? What is custom events? How to create it?An event is a mechanism used in a class that can be used to provide a notification when something interesting happens. (typical evens in a windows application include: change text in textbox, double click or click a button, select an item in dropdown box).
A custom event is an event created by the user that other developers can use. For example assuming that we have a CashTransaction class and we have a bank balance property in that class. We may want to set-up an event that provides a notification when the bank balance drops below a certain amount. In order to produce an event the process would be roughly as follows:
Create the class for the event derived from EventArgs.Create a delegate with a return type of void.Create a class containing the method that will activate the event.Create a class with methods to handle the event.
18. If you want to write your own dot net language, what steps you will you take care?We will need to ensure that the high level code is compiled to MSIL (Microsoft intermediate language) so that it can be interpreted by the CLR.
19. Describe the difference between inline and code behind - which is best in a loosely coupled solution?The term ‘code behind’ refers to application code that is not embedded within the ASPX page and is separated out into a separate file which is then referenced from the ASPX page. Inline code is the traditional ASP architectural model where business logic code was embedded within the ASP page. Separating the business logic code from the presentation layer offers several advantages:
1) It allows graphic designers and web developers to work on the presentation layer whilst the application developers concentrate on the business logic.2) The codebehind file is compiled as a single dll increasing the efficiency of the application,3) The codebehind model offers a true OO development platform,4) It speeds up development time as it allows developers to fully maximise the features of the .NET framework such as Cahing, ViewState, Session, Smart Navigation etc.5) Code is much easier to maintain and susceptible for change.6) The compiler and VS.NET provides much better support for error checking, intellisense and debugging when using the code behind model.
20. How dot net compiled code will become platform independent?The raison d’etre for .NET was to cater for multiples languages on a single windows platform whereas the aim of Java was to be a single language on multiple platforms. The only way that .NET can be platform independent is if there is a version of the .NET framework installed on the target machine.
21. Without modifying source code if we compile again, will it be generated MSIL again?No.
22. How does you handle this COM components developed in other programming languages in.NET?use TlbImp.exe to import the COM types into your .NET project. If no type library for the COM component then use System.Runtime.InteropServices
22. How does you handle this COM components developed in other programming languages in.NET?use TlbImp.exe to import the COM types into your .NET project. If no type library for the COM component then use System.Runtime.InteropServicesuse RegAsm.exe to call a .NET developed component in a COM application.
23. How CCW (Com Callable Wrapper) and RCW (Runtime Callable Wrappers) works?CCW: When a COM application calls a NET object the CLR creates the CCW as a proxy since the COM application is unable to directly access the .NET object.RCW: When a .NET application calls a COM object the CLR creates the RCW as a proxy since the .NET application is unable to directly access the .COM object.
24. What are the new thee features of COM+ services, which are not there in COM (MTS)?Role based security.Neutral apartment threading.New environment called context which defines the execution environment
25. What are the differences between COM architecture and.NET architecture?.Net architecture has superseded the old COM architecture providing a flexible rapid application development environment which can be used to create windows, web and console applications and web services. .NET provides a powerful development environment that can be used to create objects in any .NET compliant language. .NET addresses the previous problems of dll hell with COM by providing strongly named assemblies and side-by-side execution where two assemblies with the same name can run on the same box.
26. Can we copy a COM dll to GAC folder?No. It only stores .NET assemblies.
28. Can you explain what inheritance is and an example of when you might use it?Inheritance is a fundamental feature of any OO language. It allows us to inherit the members and attributes from a base class to a new derived class. This leads to increased code reusability and also makes applications easier to develop, maintain and extend as the new derived class can contain new features not available in the base class whilst at the same time preserving the attributes inherited from the base class.
29. How can you write a class to restrict that only one object of this class can be created (Singleton class)?Use the singleton design pattern.public sealed class Singleton{static readonly Singleton Instance=new Singleton();
static Singleton(){}
Singleton(){}
public static Singleton Instance{get{return Instance;}}}
30. What are virtual destructors?A constructor can not be virtual but a destructor may. Use virtual destructors when you want to implement polymorphic tearing down of an object.
31. What is close method? How it different from Finalize and Dispose?finalise is the process that allows the garbage collector to clean up any unmanaged resources before it is destroyed.The finalise method can not be called directly; it is automatically called by the CLR. In order to allow more control over the release of unmanaged resources the .NET framework provides a dispose method which unlike finalise can be called directly by code.Close method is same as dispose. It was added as a convenience.
32. What is Boxing and UnBoxing?Boxing is the process of converting a value type to a reference type. More specifically it involves encapsulating a copy of the object and moving it from stack to heap. Unboxing is the reverse process.
33. What is check/uncheck?checked: used to enable overflow checking for arithmetic and conversion functions.unchecked: used to disable overflow checking for arithmetic and conversion functions.
Wednesday, August 8, 2007
Microsoft visual studio .Net Ceritification details
Why take certifications?
Certifications help assure employers that you are valuable. It is the best way you could exhibit your technical expertise, in paper. In most cases, you won't get a chance to demonstrate your ability; but a small piece of text in your resume regarding your certifications will make you stand out. There is no doubt that certifications help you in your career. If you want a job, or want to get promoted, certifications do increase chances.
So what are the .NET certifications?
With Microsoft .NET, you have two certifications to choose from: Microsoft Certified Solution Developer (MCSD), and Microsoft Certified Application DeveloperMCAD).
What are the differences?
MCSD is the premium certification while MCAD is the entry-level one. MCSD is targeted for experienced professionals while MCAD is for those who had been around for only 1-2 years. Other than the fact that MCSD requires you to pass two additional exams than MCAD, there are no other exam-level differences. So, your MCAD exams count towards your MCSD certification too.
Which one should I go for now?
If you are a developer who is involved more into implementing (read programming) projects, take MCAD. If you are more of an architect rather than a developer, who analyzes the project requirements, and designs solutions, take MCSD.
What will I gain?
Apart from the certification and industry recognition, you get access to a lot of other goodies like: the certification logo, invitations to conferences and much more. Visit MCSD benefits and MCAD benefits for more information.
How much?
Each exam costs around 2,400/-.
MCAD Exam Details
A total of three exams - two core and one elective, are required.Core Exams (two required)
Visual Basic .NET Language Path
Visual C# Language Path
Exam 70-305:
Developing and Implementing Web Applications with Microsoft Visual Basic .NET and Microsoft Visual Studio .NET
Exam 70-306: Developing and Implementing Windows-based Applications with Microsoft Visual Basic .NET and Microsoft Visual Studio .NET
Exam 70-310: Developing XML Web Services and Server Components with Microsoft Visual Basic .NET and the Microsoft .NET Framework
Exam 70-315:
Developing and Implementing Web Applications with C# and Microsoft Visual Studio .NET
Exam 70-316:
Developing and Implementing Windows-based Applications with C# and Microsoft Visual Studio .NET
Exam 70-320:
Developing XML Web Services and Server Components with Microsoft Visual C# and the Microsoft .NET Framework
Elective Exams (one required)
Exam 70-229: Designing and Implementing Databases with Microsoft SQL Server 2000, Enterprise Edition
Exam 70-230:
Designing and Implementing Solutions with Microsoft BizTalk Server 2000, Enterprise Edition Exam 70-234:
Designing and Implementing Solutions with Microsoft Commerce Server 2000
Exam 70–330:
Implementing Security for Applications with Microsoft Visual Basic .NET
OR
Exam 70–340:
Implementing Security for Applications with Microsoft Visual C# .NET
MCSD Exam Details
In addition to the MCAD exams, you need to pass one more core and elective exam each. Hence MCSD requires you to pass five exams. If you are already an MCSD on non-.NET, you will have to take the core exams.
Core Exams (all four required)
Visual Basic .NET Language Path
Exam 70-305:
Developing and Implementing Web Applications with Microsoft Visual Basic .NET and Microsoft Visual Studio .NET
Exam 70-306:
Developing and Implementing Windows-based Applications with Microsoft Visual Basic .NET and Microsoft Visual Studio .NET
Exam 70-310:
Developing XML Web Services and Server Components with Microsoft Visual Basic .NET and the Microsoft .NET Framework
Exam 70-300:
Analyzing Requirements and Defining .NET Solution Architectures. Note: This exam is language independent.
Visual C# Language Path
Exam 70-315:
Developing and Implementing Web Applications with C# and Microsoft Visual Studio .NET
Exam 70-316:
Developing and Implementing Windows-based Applications with C# and Microsoft Visual Studio .NET
Exam 70-320:
Developing XML Web Services and Server Components with Microsoft Visual C# and the Microsoft .NET Framework
Exam 70-300:
Analyzing Requirements and Defining .NET Solution Architectures. Note: This exam is language independent.
Elective Exams (one required)
Exam 70-229:
Designing and Implementing Databases with Microsoft SQL Server 2000, Enterprise Edition Exam 70-230:
Designing and Implementing Solutions with Microsoft BizTalk Server 2000, Enterprise Edition Exam 70-234:
Designing and Implementing Solutions with Microsoft Commerce Server 2000
Exam 70–330:
Implementing Security for Applications with Microsoft Visual Basic .NET
OR
Exam 70–340: Implementing Security for Applications with Microsoft Visual C# .NET
Certifications help assure employers that you are valuable. It is the best way you could exhibit your technical expertise, in paper. In most cases, you won't get a chance to demonstrate your ability; but a small piece of text in your resume regarding your certifications will make you stand out. There is no doubt that certifications help you in your career. If you want a job, or want to get promoted, certifications do increase chances.
So what are the .NET certifications?
With Microsoft .NET, you have two certifications to choose from: Microsoft Certified Solution Developer (MCSD), and Microsoft Certified Application DeveloperMCAD).
What are the differences?
MCSD is the premium certification while MCAD is the entry-level one. MCSD is targeted for experienced professionals while MCAD is for those who had been around for only 1-2 years. Other than the fact that MCSD requires you to pass two additional exams than MCAD, there are no other exam-level differences. So, your MCAD exams count towards your MCSD certification too.
Which one should I go for now?
If you are a developer who is involved more into implementing (read programming) projects, take MCAD. If you are more of an architect rather than a developer, who analyzes the project requirements, and designs solutions, take MCSD.
What will I gain?
Apart from the certification and industry recognition, you get access to a lot of other goodies like: the certification logo, invitations to conferences and much more. Visit MCSD benefits and MCAD benefits for more information.
How much?
Each exam costs around 2,400/-.
MCAD Exam Details
A total of three exams - two core and one elective, are required.Core Exams (two required)
Visual Basic .NET Language Path
Visual C# Language Path
Exam 70-305:
Developing and Implementing Web Applications with Microsoft Visual Basic .NET and Microsoft Visual Studio .NET
Exam 70-306: Developing and Implementing Windows-based Applications with Microsoft Visual Basic .NET and Microsoft Visual Studio .NET
Exam 70-310: Developing XML Web Services and Server Components with Microsoft Visual Basic .NET and the Microsoft .NET Framework
Exam 70-315:
Developing and Implementing Web Applications with C# and Microsoft Visual Studio .NET
Exam 70-316:
Developing and Implementing Windows-based Applications with C# and Microsoft Visual Studio .NET
Exam 70-320:
Developing XML Web Services and Server Components with Microsoft Visual C# and the Microsoft .NET Framework
Elective Exams (one required)
Exam 70-229: Designing and Implementing Databases with Microsoft SQL Server 2000, Enterprise Edition
Exam 70-230:
Designing and Implementing Solutions with Microsoft BizTalk Server 2000, Enterprise Edition Exam 70-234:
Designing and Implementing Solutions with Microsoft Commerce Server 2000
Exam 70–330:
Implementing Security for Applications with Microsoft Visual Basic .NET
OR
Exam 70–340:
Implementing Security for Applications with Microsoft Visual C# .NET
MCSD Exam Details
In addition to the MCAD exams, you need to pass one more core and elective exam each. Hence MCSD requires you to pass five exams. If you are already an MCSD on non-.NET, you will have to take the core exams.
Core Exams (all four required)
Visual Basic .NET Language Path
Exam 70-305:
Developing and Implementing Web Applications with Microsoft Visual Basic .NET and Microsoft Visual Studio .NET
Exam 70-306:
Developing and Implementing Windows-based Applications with Microsoft Visual Basic .NET and Microsoft Visual Studio .NET
Exam 70-310:
Developing XML Web Services and Server Components with Microsoft Visual Basic .NET and the Microsoft .NET Framework
Exam 70-300:
Analyzing Requirements and Defining .NET Solution Architectures. Note: This exam is language independent.
Visual C# Language Path
Exam 70-315:
Developing and Implementing Web Applications with C# and Microsoft Visual Studio .NET
Exam 70-316:
Developing and Implementing Windows-based Applications with C# and Microsoft Visual Studio .NET
Exam 70-320:
Developing XML Web Services and Server Components with Microsoft Visual C# and the Microsoft .NET Framework
Exam 70-300:
Analyzing Requirements and Defining .NET Solution Architectures. Note: This exam is language independent.
Elective Exams (one required)
Exam 70-229:
Designing and Implementing Databases with Microsoft SQL Server 2000, Enterprise Edition Exam 70-230:
Designing and Implementing Solutions with Microsoft BizTalk Server 2000, Enterprise Edition Exam 70-234:
Designing and Implementing Solutions with Microsoft Commerce Server 2000
Exam 70–330:
Implementing Security for Applications with Microsoft Visual Basic .NET
OR
Exam 70–340: Implementing Security for Applications with Microsoft Visual C# .NET
Sunday, August 5, 2007
MCAD.NET Certification
MCAD.NET Certification
There are several sources (and resources) available for study out there. The only question is how many of them really help you achieve success, let alone guarantee it. CertMagic’s MCAD.NET online tests offer you the best tests possible.
What’s so special about these tests that make them the best tests available? The tests come with a set of comprehensive questions that correspond to the actual tests. These MCAD.NET practice exams are offered along with complete details and verified answers that are provided by experienced experts in the field so that you get an opportunity to see where you stand and know the correct answers.
That is not the only feature that makes these the best tests available. The best test for the best test is whether it can deliver results to you. CertMagic can – and does. CertMagic also constantly updates its repertoire so that what you get is what is required TODAY. The structure of the questions also follows the actual exam structure. Find out for yourself – it’s the best test available from any net-based resource.
These MCAD.NET Study Guides are Available to download Now immediately after Your purchase, It's Downloadable and Printable
This product MCAD.NET Study Guides technical content was developed by Certified professionals, our CertMagic MCAD.NET Study Guide have Very Good Practice Questions with Answers
All Authors of this product MCAD.NET Study Guides are Certified professionals
Thousands of our CertMagic customers worldwide told us, this product content is better than dozens of mock exam tests by simulators
By reading our CertMagic product MCAD.NET Study Guides, thousands of professionals succeeded in their Certification exam and career as well
We guarantee that by using our CertMagic MCAD.NET Study Guide exams training materials, you will be prepared for Your upcoming certification Exam, and will pass on Your First attempt.
CertMagic product MCAD.NET Certification Study Guides are top quality and will assist you in gaining a true understanding of the technologies, without resorting to brain dumps
There are several sources (and resources) available for study out there. The only question is how many of them really help you achieve success, let alone guarantee it. CertMagic’s MCAD.NET online tests offer you the best tests possible.
What’s so special about these tests that make them the best tests available? The tests come with a set of comprehensive questions that correspond to the actual tests. These MCAD.NET practice exams are offered along with complete details and verified answers that are provided by experienced experts in the field so that you get an opportunity to see where you stand and know the correct answers.
That is not the only feature that makes these the best tests available. The best test for the best test is whether it can deliver results to you. CertMagic can – and does. CertMagic also constantly updates its repertoire so that what you get is what is required TODAY. The structure of the questions also follows the actual exam structure. Find out for yourself – it’s the best test available from any net-based resource.
These MCAD.NET Study Guides are Available to download Now immediately after Your purchase, It's Downloadable and Printable
This product MCAD.NET Study Guides technical content was developed by Certified professionals, our CertMagic MCAD.NET Study Guide have Very Good Practice Questions with Answers
All Authors of this product MCAD.NET Study Guides are Certified professionals
Thousands of our CertMagic customers worldwide told us, this product content is better than dozens of mock exam tests by simulators
By reading our CertMagic product MCAD.NET Study Guides, thousands of professionals succeeded in their Certification exam and career as well
We guarantee that by using our CertMagic MCAD.NET Study Guide exams training materials, you will be prepared for Your upcoming certification Exam, and will pass on Your First attempt.
CertMagic product MCAD.NET Certification Study Guides are top quality and will assist you in gaining a true understanding of the technologies, without resorting to brain dumps
Wednesday, August 1, 2007
What is Windows SharePoint Services?
Windows SharePoint Services is a versatile technology included in Microsoft Windows Server 2003 that enables organizations and business units of all sizes to increase the efficiency of business processes and improve team productivity. With tools for collaboration that help people stay connected across organizational and geographic boundaries, Windows SharePoint Services gives people access to documents and information they need. With a familiar, Web-based interface and close integration with everyday tools including the Microsoft Office system of productivity programs, Windows SharePoint Services is easy to use and can be deployed rapidly. Users can create workspaces and then publish, store, share, and keep track of information, workflow, and documents.
Built on Microsoft Windows Server 2003, Windows SharePoint Services also gives organizations a cost-effective foundation platform for building Web-based business applications that can scale easily to meet the changing and growing needs of your business. Robust administrative controls for managing storage and Web infrastructure give IT departments a cost-effective way to implement and manage a high-performance collaboration environment
Built on Microsoft Windows Server 2003, Windows SharePoint Services also gives organizations a cost-effective foundation platform for building Web-based business applications that can scale easily to meet the changing and growing needs of your business. Robust administrative controls for managing storage and Web infrastructure give IT departments a cost-effective way to implement and manage a high-performance collaboration environment
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